![]() Such mannerisms have no bearing on the success or failure of a s éance beyond the medium's belief in them. ![]() Also, over the years many mediums developed personal peculiarities that they passed on to the mediums they trained. Unfortunately, much of the common wisdom concerning s éances was derived from sittings that later proved to be fraudulent, including the great majority of s éances involving physical phenomena, and many of the conditions for a successful s éance touted by Spiritualists have little relationship to the manifestation of psychic phenomena or spirit contact. Both public and private s éances continue to be an indispensable feature of Spiritualism. ![]() In the early stages of the movement these s éances were conducted by private mediums who took no fee for their performances later, professional mediums arose whose s éances were open to the public for a fee. The gathering was too informal to be called a s éance, although all the necessary elements were present, but within the following two or three years, the concept of spirit communication spread throughout a large part of the eastern states and many Spiritualist s éance circles were formed. In 1848 the Fox family at Hydesville, New York, called in their neighbors to listen to mysterious rapping sounds, which later became famous as the " Rochester rappings " and were responsible for inaugurating the modern Spiritualist movement. At least one member of the group is usually a medium or at least possessed of some mediumistic powers. A major structure of Spiritualism, the s éance is a gathering of a small group of individuals who sit together to obtain paranormal manifestations or establish communication with the dead.
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